Guide to Referencing

In your text you will put a superscript on the piece of text that your reference is supporting.

Thus:

It has been argued that, by its very nature, an intentional explanation requires the assumption that the selection of an action is made for ‘good reasons’,¹ and if we accept this then it follows that there is an implied ontology that includes some sort of power whose operating principles are those that conduce to ‘good reasoning’.

At the foot of the page you have an abbreviated reference giving the exact location of the material supporting your text.

Thus:

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1. Dennett (1971) pp. 89 f.

It is essential that you reference the relevant pages.

There are certain abbreviations that are conventional with these footnotes.

a.     p.             page;

                        e.g. p. 12 = page 12.

b.     pp.           pages;

                        e.g. pp. 12-15 = pages 12 to 15 inclusive.

c.     pp. n f.     page n and the page that follows;

                        e.g. pp. 12 f. = page 12 and the next page.

d.     pp. n ff.    page n and the pages that follow;

                        e.g. pp. 12 ff. = page 12 and the next few pages.

e.     op. cit.     the work previously cited.

                        e.g. Dennett, op. cit. p. 88 = The work by Dennett already cited, page 88.

f.     loc. cit.     the place already cited in the previous footnote.

                        e.g. loc. cit. = The work by Dennett already cited, page 88.

g.     ibid.         in the same place.

                        e.g. ibid. = The work by Dennett already cited, page 88.

h.     passim.    throughout the text.

                        e.g. Dennett (1971) passim. = throughout that text by Dennett.

i.     s.v. 'X'      under the word 'X'. Used when referring to dictionaries, encyclopaedias, etc.

                        e.g. O.E.D. s.v. 'meaning' = in the Oxford English Dictionary under the word 'meaning'.

If you choose not to use footnotes you will use inline references.

On the piece of text that your reference is supporting you will put an abbreviated reference giving the exact location of the material supporting your text.

Thus:

It has been argued that, by its very nature, an intentional explanation requires the assumption that the selection of an action is made for ‘good reasons’(Dennett, 1971, pp. 89 f.), and if we accept this then it follows that there is an implied ontology that includes some sort of power whose operating principles are those that conduce to ‘good reasoning’.

It is essential that you reference the relevant pages.

The same abbreviations are used for inline references as for footnote references.

At the end of your essay you will have a bibliography giving the exact details of the works to which you have referred.

Thus:

a.     For books:

           Churchland, P. M. (1988) Matter and Consciousness, Cambridge MA, MIT Press.

The necessary information is: author (date of publication) title, place of publication: publisher. Where necessary you must also give the edition.

           Churchland, P. M. (1988) Matter and Consciousness, (3^rd ed.) Cambridge MA: MIT Press.

b.     For modern editions of older works:

           Hobbes, T. (eds. R. E. Flathman/D. Johnson) (1996) [1651] Leviathan, New York: Norton.

The necessary information is: author (editor/s (so marked)) (date of publication) [date of original publication] title, place of publication: publisher.

b.     For collections:

           Ryan, A. (ed.) (1973) The Philosophy of Social Explanation, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

The necessary information is: editor/s (so marked) (date of publication of collection) title, place of publication: publisher.

c.     For material which you have sourced from a collection:

           Mandelbaum, M. (1955) ‘Societal Facts’ in Ryan (1973) pp. 105-118.

The necessary information is: author (date of original publication) 'title of article', reference to collection (whose details are given in your bibliography), pages on which the article appears.

d.     For journal articles:

           Dennett, D. C. (1971) ‘Intentional Systems’, Journal of Philosophy, 8, pp. 87-106.

The necessary information is: author (date of publication) 'title of article', name of journal, details of issue (volume, season, month, etc. as necessary), pages on which the article appears.

e.     For internet articles:

           Watson, S. Guide to Referencing. www.uq.edu.au/~uqswats2/courses/phil2010/resources/referencing.htm (accessed 27/09/2004).

The necessary information is: author (date of publication if known) title of article if any, URL (access date).